Canadian Peace-Keeping

Lester Bowles "Mike" Pearson PC OM CC OBE (23 April 1897 – 27 December 1972) was a Canadian statesman, diplomat and politician who was made a Nobel Laureate in 1957. He was the fourteenth Prime Minister of Canada from April 22, 1963, until April 20, 1968, as the head of two back-to-back Minority Governments following elections in 1963 and 1965.

During his time as Prime Minister, Pearson's minority governments introduced universal health care, student loans, the Canada Pension Plan and the current Canadian flag. During his tenure, Prime Minister Pearson also convened the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism. With these accomplishments, together with his groundbreaking work at the United Nations, and in international diplomacy, Pearson can safely be regarded as one of the most influential Canadians of the twentieth century.

Pearson was born in Newtonbrook, Ontario (now a neighbourhood of Toronto), the son of Edwin Arthur Pearson, a Methodist (later United Church of Canada) minister and Anne Sarah Bowles. He entered Victoria College at the University of Toronto in 1914, where he lived in residence in Gate House and shared a room with his brother Duke. While at the University of Toronto, he joined The Delta Upsilon Fraternity. He was subsequently elected to the Pi Gamma Mu social science honor society's chapter at the University of Toronto for his outstanding scholastic performance in history and sociology. At the university, he became a noted athlete, excelling in Rugby union and playing for the Oxford University Ice Hockey Club. Pearson also starred in baseball and Lacrosse as a youth, frequently played golf and tennis as an adult, and so had the most intense and wideranging sporting interests of any Canadian Prime Minister.

^{Ice hockey in Europe; Oxford University vs. Switzerland, 1922. Future Canadian Prime Minister Lester Pearson is at right front. His nickname from the Swiss was 'Herr Zig-Zag'.}

In 1948, Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent appointed Pearson Minister of External Affairs in the Liberal Government. Shortly afterward, he won a seat in the Canadian House of Commons, for the federal riding of Algoma East. In 1957, for his role in defusing the Suez Crisis through the United Nations, Pearson was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. The selection committee claimed that Pearson had "saved the world." The United Nations Emergency Force was Pearson's creation, and he is considered the father of the modern concept of Peace-Keeping. His Nobel medal is stored at the National Archives of Canada but a replica is on permanent display in the front lobby of the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade headquarters building in Ottawa.

While in office, Pearson resisted U.S. pressure to enter the Vietnam War. Pearson spoke at Temple University in Philadelphia on April 2, 1965, while visiting the United States, and voiced his support for a negotiated settlement to the Vietnam War. When he visited U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson the next day, Johnson (supposedly) strongly berated Pearson. Pearson later recounted that the meeting was acrimonious, but insisted the two parted cordially. After this incident, LBJ and Pearson did have further contacts, including two further meetings together, both times in Canada. (Canadians most remember the Pearson years as a time Canada-U.S. relations greatly improved.)

Also in 1967, the President of France, Charles de Gaulle made a visit to Quebec. During that visit, de Gaulle was a staunch advocate of Quebec separatism, even going so far as to say that his procession in Montreal reminded him of his return to Paris after it was freed from the Nazis during the Second World War. President de Gaulle also gave his "Vive le Québec libre" speech during the visit. Given Canada's efforts in aid of France during both world wars, Pearson was enraged. He rebuked de Gaulle in a speech the following day, remarking that "Canadians do not need to be liberated" and making it clear that de Gaulle was no longer welcome in Canada. The French President returned to his home country and would never visit Canada again.

July 26, 1956 – March, 1957 – Suez Crisis: The conflict pitted Egypt against an alliance between France, the United Kingdom and Israel. When the USSR threatened to intervene on behalf of Egypt, the Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs Lester B. Pearson feared a larger war and persuaded the British and French to withdraw. The Eisenhower Administration, also fearing a wider war, had applied pressure to the United Kingdom to withdraw, including a threat to create a currency crisis by dumping US holdings of British debt. Lester B. Pearson later received a Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts toward peace.

Lester B. ("Mike") Pearson became President of the United Nations General Assembly seventh session by the choice of 51 of the 60 Member states. That vote was a tribute to his long experience of international affairs and the impression he has made in United Nations circles from the days of the San Francisco Conference. At San Francisco, Mr. Pearson was an adviser to the Canadian delegation, and he has been a representative of his country to every Assembly session. Since 1948 he has headed the Canadian delegation.

The Charter of the United Nations gives the UN Security Council the power and responsibility to take collective action to maintain international peace and security. For this reason, the international community usually looks to the Security Council to authorize peacekeeping operations, as all UN Peacekeeping missions must be authorized by the Security Council.

Most of these operations are established and implemented by the United Nations itself with troops serving under UN operational command. In these cases, peacekeepers remain members of their respective armed forces, and do not constitute an independent "UN army," as the UN does not have such a force. In cases where direct UN involvement is not considered appropriate or feasible, the Council authorizes regional organizations such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Economic Community of West African States, or coalitions of willing countries to undertake peacekeeping or peace-enforcement tasks.

The United Nations is not the only organization to have authorized peacekeeping missions, although some would argue it is the only group legally allowed to do so. Non-UN peacekeeping forces include the NATO mission in Kosovo and the Multinational Force and Observers on the Sinai Peninsula.

The UN Charter stipulates that to assist in maintaining peace and security around the world, all member states of the UN should make available to the Security Council necessary armed forces and facilities. Since 1948, close to 130 nations have contributed military and civilian police personnel to peace operations. While detailed records of all personnel who have served in peacekeeping missions since 1948 are not available, it is estimated that up to one million soldiers, police officers and civilians have served under the UN flag in the last 56 years. As of November 2005, 107 countries were contributing a total of more than 70,000 uniformed personnel—the highest number since 1995.

Her Majesty's First Minister of Canada

The Prime Minister of Canada (French: Premier Ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, Chairman of the Cabinet, and thus Head of Government for Canada. The Office is not outlined in any of the documents that constitute the written portion of the Constitution of Canada; Executive Authority is formally vested in the Canadian Sovereign and exercised on His or Her behalf by the Governor General. The Prime Ministership is part of Canada's Constitutional Convention tradition. The Office was initially modeled after the job as it existed in Britain at time of Confederation in 1867. The British Prime Ministership, although fully developed by 1867, was not formally integrated into the British Constitution until 1905 - hence, its absence from Constitution Act, 1867.

A Prime Minister does not have a fixed Term of office. The Constitution of Canada limits the lifespan of each Parliament to five years after which a General Election for every Seat in the House of Commons must be called; the time limit may be exceeded only in case of war or insurrection. The Prime Minister has typically asked the Governor General to issue a Writ of Election during the Government's fourth year in Office. It should be noted that the Canada Elections Act is not a part of the Constitution and could be further Amended or repealed by Parliament in the future.

Since the Prime Minister is, in practice, the most powerful Member of the Canadian Government, he or she is sometimes erroneously referred to as Canada's Head of State. The Canadian Head of State is Her Royal Majesty Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, who is represented by the Governor General of Canada. The Prime Minister is the Head of Government. The Office of Prime Minister of Canada is not mentioned in the Canadian Constitution. In modern-day Canada, however, his/her prerogatives are largely the duties to which the Constitution refers to as the job of the Governor General (who acts mostly as a Figure-Head). The function, duties, responsibilities, and Powers of the Prime Minister of Canada were established at Confederation, modeled upon the existing Office of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Over time, the role of the Prime Minister of Canada has evolved, mainly gaining power over the years.

The Prime Minister plays a prominent role in most Legislation passed by the Canadian Parliament. The majority of Canadian Legislation originates in the Cabinet of Canada, which is a body selected by the Prime Minister, and Appointed by the Governor General, largely from the ranks of his party's MPs. The Cabinet must have "unanimous" consent on all decisions they make, but in practice whether or not unanimity has been achieved is decided by the Prime Minister.

As the Monarch or Governor General almost always follows the advice of His or Her Ministers, the Prime Minister (and the Office of the Prime Minister) essentially controls the Appointments of the following positions:

• all Members of the Cabinet;
• vacant Seats on the Supreme Court of Canada;
• vacant Seats in the Senate;
• all Heads of Canadian Crown Corporations whom the Prime Minister may replace at any time;
• all Executive positions such as the Head of the Transportation Safety Board, the President of the Business Development Bank;
• all High Commissioners within the Commonwealth
  
• all Ambassadors to Foreign Countries;
• the Governor General of Canada;
• the Chief Justice of Canada;
  
• the 10 Lieutenant-Governors of the Canadian Provinces, and the three Commissioners of the Canadian Territories ;
• plus approximately 3,100 other Government positions, the bulk of which the Prime Minister usually designates a Member of his Staff to Appoint with his concurrence.

As to the Prime Minister's broad De Facto authority over the Canadian military, see Canadian Forces.

The Canadian Crown is the controlling Authority of the Canadian Forces, evidenced in the Command structure, symbols and history of the Forces. The Monarch, Viceroys, and other Members of the Canadian Royal Family, play a more Ceremonial role in relation to the Armed Forces, many of the latter serving as Colonels-in-Chief of various Regiments and Branches of the Forces, a number of which have received a Royal prefix.

The Canadian Monarch tops the Order of Precedence, followed by the Governor General and then other Members of the Canadian Royal Family. The Provincial Viceroys fall in at sixteenth on the list, behind the Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition.

The Queen of Canada is also the Honorary Commissioner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Many Regiments of the Canadian Forces Land Force Command have been Granted the use of the prefix Royal in the Regiment's name, while others bear the name of a Member of the Royal Family.

By the Canadian Constitution, the Command-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces is vested in Her Royal Majesty Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada. Since 1904 the Monarch has allowed her Viceroy to exercise the duties ascribed to that Post, and since 1905 to hold the Title Commander-in-Chief.

Declarations-of-War fall within the Royal Prerogative and are issued as Orders-in-Council, which must be signed by either the Canadian Monarch or Governor General. Under the Westminster System's Parliamentary custom and practice, the Monarch or Viceroy must generally follow the advice of the Cabinet (Council), which includes the Minister of National Defence (MND), and is Chaired by the Prime Minister of Canada, who holds De Facto decision-making ability over the deployment and disposition of the Canadian Forces.

Below the Crown, the Military Head of the Canadian Forces is the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS), the highest Ranking Military Officer in the nation, who commands the Canadian Forces from National Defence Headquarters (NDHQ) in Ottawa, Ontario. The Sovereign and a number of other Members of the Canadian Royal Family act as Colonels-in-Chief of Canadian Forces Regiments, though these positions are Ceremonial.

As Commander-in-Chief, Her Majesty The Queen is the Locus of the Oath of Allegiance taken by new recruits and newly Appointed Officers. This Oath is "the Soldier's Code of Moral Obligation." By the National Defence Act, the utterance of disloyal words towards the King or Queen is considered "Disgraceful Conduct," Treasonous, and disloyal. Such Offences may be punishable by up to seven years Imprisonment.

However, though by written Law the Monarch retains Absolute Control over the Armed Forces, via Constitutional Convention, almost always only does so on the advice of His or Her Cabinet.

The Canadian Forces (CF) (French: Forces Canadiennes [FC]) are the unified Armed Forces of Canada, governed by the National Defence Act which states: "The Canadian Forces are the Armed Forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada and consist of one Service called the Canadian Armed Forces."

The Canadian Forces is a single organization with a unified command structure, making Canada one of the few nations to have such an organization of its military forces. Unification was strongly opposed by personnel in all three services and resulted in the firing of the navy's senior operational commander, Rear Admiral W.M. Landymore, as well as forced retirements of other senior officers in the nation's military forces.

The protests of service personnel and their superiors failed and on February 1, 1968, Bill C-243, The Canadian Forces Reorganization Act became law and the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), the Canadian Army and the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) were combined into one service - the Canadian Armed Forces, shortened to Canadian Forces.

Though the National Defence Act stated "[t]he Canadian Forces are the Armed Forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada..." the Royal title was not bestowed upon the new unified service. Since usage of the Royal designation was executed by Royal Proclamations which have never been revoked, the Canadian Government and the Canadian Forces will be required to resume usage of the expression Royal if the expressions Canadian Navy and Canadian Air Force are again used in any Official capacity.

The public position was that unification was undertaken by the Government to achieve cost savings and provide improved Command and Control and integration of military forces. Contemporary rhetoric and accusations were made that the Liberal Ministry of Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson and his Minister of National Defence Paul Hellyer did not care for the traditions behind each service, and that the name of the new military force (in Canada's post-war modernist fashion) was easily translated to French and eliminated inconvenient Monarchist references during a contentious period in Canadian history. Paul Hellyer has since admitted that he made a mistake in taking away the distinctive uniforms.

On May 17, 2007, an online petition was issued seeking grassroots support for the Maritime Command and Air Command to be renamed as the Royal Canadian Navy and Royal Canadian Air Force, respectively, for the navy's 100th Anniversary in 2010. The proposal does not include a "de-unification" of the forces, instead only seeking that the Air and Maritime Commands be renamed. The petition is to be sponsored by Conservative Member of Parliament Laurie Hawn, himself a former Air Force Lieutenant Colonel.

The Queen of Canada

The Monarchy of Canada, also known as the Canadian Monarchy, is a System of Government in which a Hereditary Monarch is the Sovereign of Canada, holding the position of Head of State; the Incumbent is Elizabeth II, officially called Queen of Canada (French: Reine du Canada), who has Reigned since February 6, 1952. The Heir Apparent is Her Majesty's Eldest Son, Prince Charles, though Her Majesty is presently the only Member of the Canadian Royal Family with any Constitutional Role. Her Majesty, Her Majesty's Husband and Royal Consort, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, The Crown Prince of Wales Prince Charles, and other Members of the Royal Family, including Her Majesty and other Children and Cousins, undertake various Public Ceremonial Functions across Canada and on behalf of Canada abroad.

Despite the length of service, it was not until October 2002, when the term "Canadian Royal Family" was first used publicly and officially by a member of it: in a speech given to the Nunavut Legislature at its opening, Queen Elizabeth II stated: "I am proud to be the first member of the Canadian Royal Family to be greeted in Canada's newest territory."

Still, the Canadian Media often still refers to the Royal Family as the "British Royal Family."

English Law and Scots Law have always distinguished between the Monarch's Subjects and aliens. Until 1914 British Nationality Law was largely uncodified. The British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914 codified existing Common Law and Statute, with a few minor changes.

Prior to 1 January 1949, the term "British Subject" in British Nationality Law was used to describe any person who owed allegiance to the British Crown, wherever he was born in the British Commonwealth and Empire. Within the Empire, the only people who were not British Subjects were the rulers of native states formally under the "protection" of the British Crown, and their peoples. Although their countries may for all practical purposes have been ruled by the Imperial Government, such persons are considered to have been born outside the Sovereignty and Allegiance of the British Crown, and were (and, where these persons are still alive, still are) known as British Protected Persons.

The Canadian Citizenship Act of 1946 took effect on 1 January 1947. Prior to that date, Canadians were British Subjects and Canada's nationality law closely mirrored that of the United Kingdom. As Canadian independence was obtained incrementally over the course of many years since the formation of the Canadian Confederation in 1867, the Second World War in particular gave rise to a desire amongst Canadians to have their country recognized as a fully-fledged sovereign state with a distinct citizenship. Prior to the conferring of Legal Status on Canadian Citizenship, Canada's Naturalization Laws consisted of a hodgepodge of confusing Acts which may have provided additional impetus for the creation of Canadian citizenship.

On 1 January 1947, Canadian Citizenship was conferred on most British Subjects connected with Canada. Subsequently, on 1 April 1949, Canadian Nationality Law was extended to Newfoundland upon that country's admission to Confederation.

Canadian Nationality Law was substantially revised on 15 February 1977 when the new Citizenship Act came into force. Notably, from that date Canada fully accepts Multiple Citizenship. However those who lost Canadian Citizenship before that date did not automatically have it restored.

In Canada, the term "British Subject" was replaced by "Commonwealth Citizen" when the Canadian Citizenship Act 1947 was replaced by the Citizenship Act 1977, which came into force on 15 February 1977.

Under United Kingdom Law, Canadians are Commonwealth Citizens and hence are Entitled to certain Rights in the United Kingdom:

• access to the United Kingdom Working Holiday Visa scheme
• for those with a United Kingdom born Grandparent, access to the United Kingdom Ancestry Entry Clearance
• for those born before 1983 who meet the requirements, Right of Abode in the United Kingdom
• if resident in the United Kingdom, the Right to Vote and Stand for Public Office there

The Style of the Canadian Sovereign has varied over the years. The present Style is:

• In English: Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom, Canada and Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.
• In French: Elizabeth Deux, par la grâce de Dieu, Reine du Royaume-Uni, du Canada et de ses autres royaumes et territoires, Chef du Commonwealth, Défenseur de la Foi.

One of the first post-war examples of Canada's status as an independent monarchy was the alteration of the monarch's title, by the Royal Style and Titles Act. For the first time, the official Canadian title mentioned Canada separately from the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth Realms, to highlight the monarch's role specifically as Queen of Canada, as well as the shared aspect of the Crown throughout the realms: Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom, Canada and Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.

When the Canadian House of Commons debated the Queen's title in 1953, Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent asserted on the nature of the separate and shared characteristics of the Crown: "Her Majesty is now Queen of Canada but she is the Queen of Canada because she is Queen of the United Kingdom... It is not a separate office."

This format was consistent with the form of the new Queen's titles in the other realms, as had been agreed upon by all the realm governments in 1953. As of 2006, only Canada and Grenada retain this form; all others, other than the UK, having dropped the reference to the United Kingdom.

Although the Queen's Canadian titles include "Defender of the Faith / Défenseur de la Foi," neither the Queen, nor any of the governors has any religious role in Canada; there have been no established churches in Canada since before Confederation. This is one of the key differences from the Queen's role in the United Kingdom, where she is Supreme Governor of the Church of England.

Also, the Sovereign currently holds the nominal title "Head of the Commonwealth," however, it does not imply any political power over Member States of the Commonwealth of Nations, nor will it necessarily pass to the next Monarch upon the demise of the Crown.

The Style Queen of Canada is held by the Canadian Monarch during the Reign of a Female Sovereign. During the Reign of a Male Sovereign, the Title would change accordingly to King of Canada. It is expected that upon the demise of the Crown, the current Heir Apparent, Prince Charles, will be proclaimed King of Canada by the Queen's Privy Council for Canada (which would then be the King's Privy Council). Prior to the adoption of the Canada-specific title, Canadian monarchs used the style King of the United Kingdom and later King of British Dominions Beyond the Seas. Prime Minister John Diefenbaker said of the style: "The Queen of Canada is a term which we like to use because it utterly represents her role on this occasion."

Elizabeth II refers to herself as Queen of Canada when in, or acting abroad on behalf of, Canada. For example, she stated in 1973: "But it is as Queen of Canada that I am here, Queen of Canada and of all Canadians, not just of one or two ancestral strains." The federal government and provincial governments now promote the title Queen of Canada, illustrating the separation between Elizabeth II's positions as Queen of Canada and Queen of the United Kingdom. The style Queen of Canada is included in the Oath of Allegiance, as well as the Oath of Citizenship.

The use of the styles Highness and Majesty originated in the United Kingdom, where they were used from the 12th Century onward. During the reign of James VI of Scots and I of England and Ireland, however, Majesty became the official title, to the exclusion of others.

The style was imported to Canada during colonial times, through usage in reference to the British Monarch, who then had sovereignty over the British North American Colonies and Provinces. Its usage continued after Canada became, by a process of constitutional evolution between 1931 and the Patriation of the Canadian Constitution in 1982, a Sovereign Kingdom, and is now applied to the Canadian Monarch.

Unlike in the United Kingdom, where the Sovereign is referred to in Treaties and on British Passports as Her [His] Britannic Majesty, the Sovereign in Canada is referred to simply as Her [His] Majesty. However, from time to time, the style will be Her [His] Canadian Majesty as to differentiate from foreign sovereigns.

The Crown has a long relationship with the First Nations, Inuit, and Métis Peoples of Canada. As with the Māori and the Treaty of Waitangi in New Zealand, Canada's First Nations view their Treaties as being Agreements directly between Them and the Crown, not with the ever-changing Government of Canada. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 remains an important document, mentioned in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, outlining the Crown's responsibility to protect First Nations' Territories.

Over the centuries there have been literal and symbolic gestures to demonstrate the "nation-to-nation" relationship, from the commemoration by Queen Anne of the "Four Mohawk Kings" in 1710, to Queen Elizabeth II donating a piece of Balmoral granite engraved with the ciphers of Queen Victoria and herself to the First Nations University of Canada in 2005. The First Nations, in return, honour members of the Royal Family with ceremonies and traditional titles.

The Canadian Royal Family is a group of people closely related to the monarch of Canada; it is a non-resident royal family, as those who comprise the group live predominantly in the United Kingdom; some members have lived in Canada for extended periods as Viceroy, such as Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone. Members often perform ceremonial and social duties but, aside from the monarch, have no role in the affairs of government. Those who comprise the Royal Family carry the style His or Her Majesty (HM), His or Her Royal Highness (HRH), or sometimes The Right Honourable (in French: Sa Majesté (SM), Son Altesse Royale (SAR), and Le très honorable).

The Canadian Royal Family gathers in Lac-Brome, Quebec, 1976 (left to right: the Duke of Edinburgh, Princess Anne (now Princess Royal), Mark Phillips, Prince Edward (now Earl of Wessex), the Queen, Prince Andrew (now Duke of York) and the Prince of Wales).

It has been stated by the Canadian Royal Heritage Trust that Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, due to his having lived in Canada between 1791 and 1800, and his being father of Queen Victoria, is "the ancestor of the modern Canadian Royal Family." However, the concept of the Canadian Royal Family did not emerge until after the passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931. Though the Act came into effect during the Reign of King George V, Canadian officials only began to overtly consider putting the principles of Canada's new status as an independent Kingdom into effect during the late 1930s. At first, the Monarch was the only member of the Royal Family to carry out public ceremonial duties solely on the advice of Canadian Ministers; King Edward VIII became the first to do so when he dedicated the Vimy Memorial in July, 1936 – one of his few obligations performed during his short reign. Over the decades, however, the Monarch's Children, Grand Children, Cousins, and their respective Spouses began to perform functions at the direction of the Canadian Government, representing the Monarch within Canada or abroad.

Despite the length of service, it was not until October 2002, when the term "Canadian Royal Family" was first used publicly and officially by a member of it: in a speech given to the Nunavut Legislature at its opening, Queen Elizabeth II stated: "I am proud to be the first member of the Canadian Royal Family to be greeted in Canada's newest territory." Still, the Canadian media often still refers to the Royal Family as the "British Royal Family."

Composition:

Members of the Royal Family gathered for a dinner celebrating the 60th wedding anniversary of Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh.

Queen Elizabeth II is the head of the Royal Family; her family is considered Canada's Royal Family. Those in the direct line of succession owe their allegiance to Elizabeth II specifically as the Queen of Canada, and, according to the Department of National Defence, members of the family who bear the style "Royal Highness" are subjects specifically of the Canadian monarch, They are entitled to Canadian consular assistance and to the protection of the Queen's Armed Forces of Canada when they are outside of the Commonwealth Realms, and in need of protection or aid. Their position as subjects but not citizens of Canada is reflected in the confusion that arises around the awarding of honours to members of the Royal Family; for example, the Order of Canada bestowed upon the Queen Mother was only honorary, though the Canadian Forces Decoration awarded to her was not.

Although there is no strict legal or formal definition of who is or is not a member of the Royal Family – a Royal Family is loosely defined as the extended family of a Monarch – according to former Minister of Canadian Heritage Sheila Copps, the Canadian Federal Government does maintain an Official List of Royal Family Members for matters of honours and protocol. Because of the shared nature of the Crown, most Members of the Canadian Royal Family are also Members of the British Royal Family, and are thus also members of the House of Windsor.

There are some exceptions, however; for instance Angus Ogilvy was included in the Department of Canadian Heritage's Royal Family list, whereas he was not considered a member of the British Royal Family.

There has been one marriage of a Canadian Citizen into the extended Royal Family, and a second such marriage is expected to take place soon. In 1988, Sylvana Jones (neé Tomaselli) married George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews, a great-grandson of George V. On July 28, 2007, the engagement was announced of Peter Phillips to Autumn Kelly, of Montreal; Phillips is the son of Princess Anne, and the eldest Grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II. Divorced spouses of the monarch's descendants are removed from the Official Government List of Royal Family members, as was the case with Diana, Princess of Wales.

Canadian poet George Elliott Clarke has publicly opined on a fully First Nations Royal Family, asking "why can't a truly Canadian Royal Family be Aboriginal or Métis? I think the project... would do wonders for national identity and national unity." However, this would contravene the convention laid out in the preamble to the Statute of Westminster (a part of the Canadian Constitution).

The existence of a Canadian Royal Family has been contested by some, mostly in the small Canadian republican movement. However, Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia Iona Campagnolo has also stated she feels Canada does not "really have a Royal Family."

The precise Style of British Sovereigns has varied over the years. The present Style is:

"Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith."

In Welsh:

"Elizabeth yr Ail, trwy Ras Duw, o Deyrnas Unedig Prydain Fawr a Gogledd Iwerddon a'i Theyrnasoedd a'i Thiriogaethau eraill, Brenhines, Pennaeth y Gymanwlad, Amddiffynnydd y Ffydd."

Canadian Monarchists - Royal & Loyal

This photograph was taken by Yousuf Karsh, a Canadian photographer, when Winston Churchill came to Ottawa. The portrait of Churchill brought Karsh international fame. It is claimed to be the most reproduced photographic portrait in history. It also appeared on the cover of Life magazine.

"We have not journeyed across the centuries, across the oceans, across the mountains, across the prairies, because we are made of sugar candy."

—Canadian Parliament, Ottawa, 30 December 1941.

Yousuf Karsh was born of Armenian parents in Mardin, Turkey, on Dec. 23, 1908. He learned the dramatic use of artificial light that became the hallmark of his mature portrait style by studying theatrical lighting at the Ottawa Little Theater, of which he was a member. At the theater he met the son of Lord Bessborough, the Governor General of Canada, who persuaded his father to sit for Mr. Karsh, initiating a long and close relationship between the photographer and successive Canadian political figures. The next governor general, Lord Tweedsmuir, introduced him to Prime Minister Mackenzie King, who brought him in to photograph Winston Churchill during the latter's wartime visit to Canada in December 1941. The Churchill portrait was a turning point in Mr. Karsh's career. He was given only two minutes to take it. Accoriding to legend Karsh accomplished this expression by taking away Winston's cigar and even now some 60 years on the glowering expression comes thundering through the portrait - I have a large scale copy of this which makes this even more apparent and the image is mesmerising. Karsh was determined to not capture the sort of portraits so common of facsist leaders but instead something of the human side of his subjects - the fascist portraits were always perfectly posed power statements whilst this image, still undeniably echoing power as Churchill can is a softer look at a man carrying the weight of world on his serious shoulders. The portrait that resulted, showing the British prime minister glowering at the camera with a bulldoglike tenaciousness, seemed to epitomize the determination of the British to defeat Hitler, and catapulted Mr. Karsh into international fame.

Like many people of his time, the experience of the First World War convinced Governor General Lord Tweedsmuir of the horrors of armed conflict and he worked with both United States President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Mackenzie King in trying to avert the ever-growing threat of another world war. While shaving on February 6, 1940, Lord Tweedsmuir had a stroke and injured his head badly in the fall. He received the best possible care – Canada's famous Dr. Wilder Penfield operated twice – but the injury proved fatal. On February 11, just 10 months before his term of office was to expire, Lord Tweedsmuir died. Following the sudden death of Lord Tweedsmuir while in office, the Earl of Athlone, uncle of King George VI, was approached to assume the post of Governor General. Canada had been at war since 1939 and the country was adjusting to the difficulties of committing military personnel and materiel to the war against Nazi Germany. The Earl of Athlone and Princess Alice hosted Prime Minister Mackenzie King, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and American President Franklin D. Roosevelt at La Citadelle in Québec on two separate occasions in 1943 and 1944. These meetings, known as the Quebec Conferences, helped decide the strategies of the Western Allies that would lead to victory over Nazi Germany and Japan in 1945.

The story is often told of how Karsh created his famous portrait of Churchill during the early years of World War II. Churchill, the British Prime Minister, had just addressed the Canadian Parliament and Karsh was there to record one of the Century's great leaders. "He was in no mood for portraiture and two minutes were all that he would allow me as he passed from the House of Commons Chamber to an Anteroom," Karsh wrote in Faces of Our Time. "Two niggardly minutes in which I must try to put on film a man who had already written or inspired a library of books, baffled all his biographers, filled the world with his fame, and me, on this occasion, with dread." Churchill marched into the room scowling, "regarding my camera as he might regard the German enemy." His expression suited Karsh perfectly, but the cigar stuck between his teeth seemed incompatible with such a solemn and formal occasion. "Instinctively, I removed the cigar. At this the Churchillian scowl deepened, the head was thrust forward belligerently, and the hand placed on the hip in an attitude of anger." The image captured Churchill and the England of the time perfectly — defiant and unconquerable. Churchill later said to him, "You can even make a roaring Lyon stand still to be photographed." As such, Karsh titled the photograph, The Roaring Lion. However, Karsh's favourite photograph was the one taken immediately after this one where Churchill's mood had lightened considerably and is shown much in the same pose, but smiling. Karsh has influenced many other photographers in different styles to become more independent and further motivate other artists.

In September 1939, Canada joined Great Britain in declaring war on Germany. In August 1941, Churchill met with United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, where they signed the Atlantic Charter. Shortly after the entry of the United States into the war in December 1941, Churchill addressed the Canadian House of Commons on December 30. Responding to the taunt of the French generals that Britain would soon have its neck wrung like a chicken, he countered boldly, "Some chicken!" and, when the laughter died down, "Some neck!" He returned to Canada in 1943 and 1944 for the two Quebec Conferences with President Roosevelt hosted by Prime Minister Mackenzie King. In a 1944 letter to Mackenzie King on the occasion of the Canadian Prime Minister's Silver Jubilee as leader of the Liberal Party, Churchill wrote, "Throughout these 25 years you and I have watched Canada advance along the road of liberty and progress with admiration and pride. Yet never, perhaps, has this country held Canada in higher esteem than in the last five years of bitter conflict." Canada's contribution in the Second World War was enormous. Of a population of eleven million, more than one million served in the armed forces. Of these, 42,000 were killed and 54,000 wounded. Canada spent $18 billion on the war and also gave $3.5 billion to Britain and the Allies - stupendous sums of money in those days. On his seventh and final visit to Canada in 1954, Churchill said, "I love coming to Canada. Canada is the master-link in Anglo-American unity, apart from her own glories. God bless your Country."

*******

Her Majesty The Queen given £3M to make Palace safe

7 February 2008, 10:02am - www.thisismoney.co.uk

Her Majesty The Queen has won her struggle with the Government for a 'critical' multi-million pound cash injection to make Buckingham Palace safe. The Department for Culture, Media and Sport has agreed to increase the grant for maintenance of the 'occupied Royal palaces' by more than £1m a year. The settlement is one of the last to be agreed under the Treasury's Comprehensive Spending Review. It means the annual taxpayer subsidy for historic buildings such as Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle and Frogmore House will go up from £15m to £16.1m for the next three financial years. The increase will allow the Royal household to undertake essential repairs to keep the estate from falling apart. But it is only a partial victory as courtiers believe more is needed to clear a backlog of repairs. The award comes after a public appeal from palace financiers who warned some parts of the buildings were in such a bad state they were a danger to the public. They said an increase in funding was 'essential and critical' because the value of the grant had been eroded by inflation. It had been stuck at £15m for nine years and is only worth one third of the 1991-92 level in real terms. They said the situation was so bad that part of the masonry on the east wing of what has been dubbed Crumblingham Palace collapsed in 2006, narrowly missing Princess Anne's car. Last year's annual report on the Royal public finances revealed that without the 'essential' cash injection there will be a 'critical backlog in maintenance'. All projects costing £800,000 or more have been put on ice. Those that have been deferred include roof repairs at Buckingham Palace and Windsor, most urgently the roof above the Picture Gallery which houses works by Rubens, Rembrandt and Canaletto. Another £600,000 a year is needed for redecoration of the principal state rooms at the two palaces. The Royal Palaces are held in trust to the nation by the Queen. As well as Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle, the estate includes St James's Palace, Clarence House, the residential and office areas of Kensington Palace and the Royal Mews and Royal Paddocks at Hampton Court. Their maintenance and upkeep is one of the expenses met by the Government in return for the Queen giving up her estates' income.

----

http://pages.interlog.com/~rakhshan/pmyth.html

2006 UN HD INDEX
source: UNOP.org

01. Norway - Monarchy
02. Iceland - Republic
03. Australia - Monarchy
04. Ireland - Republic
05. Sweden - Monarchy
06. Canada - Monarchy
07. Japan - Monarchy
08. USA - Republic
09. Switzerland - Republic
10. Netherlands - Monarchy

The majority are Monarchies. HDI (Human Development Index)ranking of Nations based on quality of life. Most of the best Nations in the World are Monarchies.

*****

Hospital Chaplains' Chief Appointed as new Chaplain to Her Majesty The Queen

Posted: Monday, February 4, 2008, 11:09 (GMT)

www.christiantoday.com

The Rev Edward Lewis, chief executive of the Hospital Chaplaincies Council, has been appointed as a chaplain to the Queen, Buckingham Palace announced on Friday. In his ‘day job’, Fr Lewis supports the work of Anglican healthcare chaplains by co-ordinating training and information sharing between the network of 425 full-time and 3,000 part-time chaplains currently serving in the UK, most of whom are Anglican. He also serves as an honorary chief officer for the Multi-Faith Group for Healthcare Chaplaincy, and sits on the committee of the European Network for Healthcare Chaplaincy. The honorary Appointment will add Fr Lewis to the 36 members of the College of Chaplains, which forms part of the Queen's Ecclesiastical Household. Each of the chaplains preach once a year in the Chapel Royal, in St James' Palace, London, and also join a rota of chaplains who are available to the Queen at any time. The Chair of the Hospital Chaplaincies Council and Bishop of Gloucester, the Rt Rev Michael Perham, said: “This is not only a great honour for Edward personally, but represents something of the value that people place on hospital and other healthcare chaplains. Edward is a tireless advocate for the immensely important work they do, night and day, across the country...

--------

- High-Church: attaching importance to the authority of the Priesthood and ministration according to ritual.
- Low-Church: that section of the Church of England which, in oppostion to the High Church party, is not exclusive in its assertion of church authority and observance, and, in opposition to the Broad Church, inclines to the principles of the Evangelicals.
- Broad Church: that section of the Protestant Church which inclines to liberal opinion, and is opposed to those who would narrow either spirit or form.
- Evangelical: one who professes or maintains evangelical (gospel) principles, especially the doctrine that salvation is by faith in the atonement of Christ; Low Church; Protestant.
- Anglican: a Member of the English Church; characteristic of the High Church party.